Where Will Water Come From in Pakistan a Few Years From Now?

By Jayita Mukhopadhyay
Water is life’s matter and matrix, mother and medium. There is no life without water.
     ~ Albert Szent-Gyorgyi  

World Water Day is celebrated on 22 March every year at the behest of the United Nations to sensitise everyone inhabiting this planet about the profound importance of conserving water.

Since time immemorial, availability of water has shaped the establishment and growth of human civilization.

The blue gold is fast surpassing oil as the world’s scarcest critical resource and the World Bank has already prophesied that the 21st century will be an era of war over water.

Modern agriculture, industrialisation, urbanization and the spiralling population growth have all contributed to an exponential rise in the demand for water. And, as of now, water has no substitute.

Experts have sounded an alarm that within the next 25 years, half of the world’s population could face problems in finding enough fresh water for drinking and irrigation.

According to the 2006 United Nations Human Development Report, the access to water is inadequate for an estimated 1.1 billion people in developing countries. The per capita consumption of water is directly proportionate to the economic strength of a country and the standard of living of its people. The average per capita (per person/per day) use of water in Africa is 47 litres/person/day whereas in the USA, it is 578 litres/person/day. Millions of women and young girls are forced to spend hours collecting and carrying water, restricting their opportunities, their choices and even foregoing education.

Beyond the household, the competition for water as a productive resource is intensifying.

Symptoms of that competition include the collapse of water-based ecological systems, declining river flows and large-scale groundwater depletion. Conflicts over water, particularly the issue of control over fresh water sources, are intensifying within countries ~ posing a serious threat to world peace. The Middle East and North Africa are contending with water conflicts. In the Jordan river basin, there is intense competition among Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan, and the West Bank for control over the available water resource. Israel uses the largest volume of water available in the basin, and next in line is Jordan. The Israeli-occupied West Bank uses the minimum amount ~ a true reflection of the power equation in the Middle East.

The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of International Rivers, adopted by the International Law Association in 1966 and similar other customary international laws have tried to provide the necessary legal framework for solving the water-sharing disputes concerning trans-boundary rivers. But most of these conflicts seem intractable.

Even if one accepts the claim made by the USA and its allies that the 2011 ‘humanitarian intervention’ in Libya was driven by the altruistic zeal of these self-styled protectors of human rights to deliver the people of Libya from the oppressive yoke of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, there is no gainsaying that the regime change has, conveniently, given them a scope to control not only Libya’s rich reserve of oil but also, more interestingly, its huge reserve of underground water.

In 1953, the search for oil led to the discovery of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS), the world’s largest known fossil water aquifer system. It is located underground in the eastern end of the Sahara desert and spans the political boundaries of four countries in north-east Africa-Sudan, Chad, Libya and Egypt. Experts suggest that if used in a controlled manner, it can be a source of water for Africa for the next 1000  years. In 1983, Gaddafi started the Great Manmade River Project, as part of which, water extracted from the aquifer, through a network of pipelines, was diverted to faraway places to give a boost to agriculture. The consequent prosperity made Gaddafi more arrogant or construed differently, more oblivious to the dictates of the West. This perhaps served as a powerful motivation for the West to come down heavily on Libya. Critics have drawn uncharitable conclusions from the fact that during the 2011 war, one of the plants manufacturing pipes for the project was destroyed by a NATO air strike.

In South Asia as well, water is a contentious issue in inter-state relations. For India, the sharing of trans-border rivers is a point of discord between Pakistan, China and Bangladesh. India, with 16 per cent of the world’s population, has only 4 per cent of the world’s fresh water resources.

In India, the per capita availability of fresh water has dropped from 5,177 cubic meters in 1951 to 1,820 cubic meters in 2001. Spatial and temporal variability in the availability of rain water, the main source of river waters, is a serious challenge. The monsoon rain is available for three months; there is an acute water shortage during the arid months in large parts of the country. In the past, the Cauvery river water dispute and the imbroglio over sharing the Krishna water have not only soured inter-state relations, but have also fuelled parochial sentiment, even riots and arson.

The policy of constructing large dams has been opposed because of the huge damage in terms of ecology and human life. The proposed interlinking of rivers has run into rough weather for similar reasons. Such alternatives as rain water harvesting call for extensive community-based projects. The cost factor can also be prohibitive.

Water, essential for human existence, cannot be treated as a commodity accessible to only those who can pay for it. It is a basic right. Hence, while supporting the cause of collecting taxes from those who can afford to pay the cess, the government must fulfil this basic requirement of the underprivileged by setting up public funded facilities. The needs of the common people and the developmental needs of society should be delicately balanced. The human race must be saved from a possible apocalypse through judicious use and conservation of life’s essential.

The writer is Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Women’s Christian College, Kolkata

India’s Violations of the Indus Water Treaty Analyzed

The article III of the Indus Water Treaty, binds the Government of India not to hinder the flow of the western rivers, i.e. Indus, Jhelum and Chenab, to Pakistan, and India cannot store any water or construct any storage works, on the above cited rivers, having been given total rights since March 1973,of Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, we get flood surplus of these rivers which is released in case of excessive rains, which helps in recharging our ground waters levels, but that too will cease after the second Ravi-Beas Link is made.

Today while we slumber,Indiahas started works on, the following projects:

• Pakal Dul 1000MW,
• Kiru 600MW,
• Karwar 520 MW,
• Baglihar (eventual 900MW),
• Sawalkot 1200MW (two 600mw units),
• Salal 390 MW,
• Sewa-ll 120 MW,
• the Bursur project on the Marusudar river, which, is a major tributary of Chenabriver. Indiaintends to build a massive water storage dam, which will control and regulate the flow to maintain levels of Pakal dul, Dul Hasti, Rattle, Baglihar, Sawalkot and Salal Hydro-projects, on the Chenab.

Jhelum will be connected with Kishanganga 330MW and Uri-ll 240MW.

After the failure of the foreign secretary level talks on the Baglihar dam, on the Chenab, between 4-6 January 2005, the GOP contacted the World Bank, to resolve the issue with India. However the feed back of World Bank through its letter dated 19 January 2005 was that World Bank was a signatory to the Treaty is not its ”guarantor”!

We lost the case against the Baglihar dam due to gross professional incompetence of our team.  The GOP had hired the services of a lawyer, by the name of Mr. James Crawford, who forgot to bring the memorials of the case during the final hearing of the case!

Now Nehru had, in the past, hired the services of an outstanding German international lawyer and an expert on river waters, a Professor F.J. Berber, and for years till the signing of the Indus Water Treaty, he remained an employee of India, though he did join the Munich University later, but remained a consultant to the GOI.

The works, of P.J. Berber translated in English i.e, Rivers in international Law’ to date remains an authority. The London Institute of World Affairs, had the book published.

The other reason why Nehru had the date of ratification of Industreaty, back dated from September 1960 to 1st April, was because on 1st April 1948, they had shut down our waters, from the UBDC!

Two sets of laws govern the water disputes, first is the Harmon Doctrine, named after, a ”Judson Harmon”, who was the Attorney General of USA in 1895, when a dispute arose between Mexico and USA over the usage of Rio Grande waters. Mexico was lower riparian; the above cited doctrine gives ”Absolute Territorial Sovereignty” to the upper riparian, as goes the usage of water resources passing through its lands, though the matter was resolved, by a convention held between USA and Mexico, on May 21 1906 by which Mexico got its share of waters.

Indus valley river system is an ‘International Drainage Basin’, as the geographical area extends and covers the administrative boundaries of more then two states, from Afghanistan to Chinese administered Tibet, in the north east’ and to Indian occupied Kashmir. Technically Indiacannot claim sovereignty over Kashmiras it remains a disputed state, and matter in reference before the world courts, having over a million troops holding it.

In 1966, the ILA (International Law Association) drafted a set of rules called as ”the Helsinki Rules”. These rules define the perimeters in case of water related disputes, and in cases where the drainage of a basin is International, as stated above, eleven main points/clauses govern the rights of a lower riparian. These points relate to the geography of the basin; extent of drainage, and area in the territory of each basin state; the hydrology of the basin; past history of water flow; population dependent on the waters; economic and social needs of each basin state; and the degree to which the needs of a basin state may be satisfied without causing injury to a co-basin state!

Indiaas is seen follows the Harmon Doctrine, while we twiddle our thumbs!

Naveed Tajammal is a renowned historian with many research papers on historical investigative research to his credit. He has over 28 years of research in the field to his credit. He is a regular contributor to Pakpotpourri Group of Blogs.